There are two variations of the Japanese language, one for men and one for women. This linguistic difference is a reflection of gender inequality in Japan and handicaps women, especially in their professional careers.
In Japan, women and men speak differently. For example, at the table, a man would be "ku-u", that is, he eats his food. Conversely, a woman can "taberu" or "itadaku", which means that she humbly eats like a little bird. Likewise, a woman will say"ii-wayo " to show his agreement but it would sound extremely feminine in the mouth of a man who would rather say "ii-yo".
These variations are not simply linguistic. These gender-specific forms imply a different level of assertiveness and politeness. The problem ? The societal expectations which are the source of it place women at a considerable disadvantage compared to men on a daily basis but especially in their professional life.
Japanese women are expected to speak more softly and use more euphemisms. These unwritten rules on the language of women reflect the attitude that society expects from fairer sex. Women must always be respectful, never direct.
Momoko Nakamura, professor at Kanto Gakuin University, studies the relationship between gender and language. According to her, the language of women in Japan is strongly linked to the myth that they deserve their own expression because they are different from men. This goes directly against the modern view of the place of women and feminism because it is social expectations, not nature, that shape gender stereotypes. This implicitly justifies the inequality that reigns between men and women, whether in professional or personal life, in the sharing of household tasks.
This gender distinction presents a great handicap for Japanese women who find it difficult to assert themselves. Compared to Western languages, Japanese favors innuendo rather than plain language. Many Japanese women then find some liberation in languages like English. This allows them to be more outspoken, even with men, which is a major challenge with female Japanese. With this language, it is extremely difficult for women to assert themselves, even more in a professional context.
This difference in language also shows that to be attractive, a woman must be measured in what she says. Momoko Nakamura observes that the female Japanese language is the most represented in the Japanese translation of the remarks of the women, resulting from the Western literature. For example, Hermione Granger of the Harry Potter saga does not mince words in English but she is in restraint in Japanese. The translation then suggests that all women, even Westerners, should speak less directly.
Japan's struggle for gender equality is subtle and deeply cultural. Inspired by movement #MeToo, the Japanese have #KuToo to protest against the compulsory wearing of high heels at work. However, the language is still more entrenched in society than dress codes and this influences the psyche. Journalist Nobuko Kobayashi notes that instead of maintaining stereotypes, language should allow progress. "It is time to face the discriminatory ways in which our words shape our worlds – and change them.", she concludes.