A superinfection occurs when bacteria also colonize the respiratory tract after a virus-related infection. We explain what works against it.
What is a superinfection?
An upper respiratory infection, such as a cold, is usually caused by viruses. Our immune system fights against the pathogens and is weakened by the disease. Bacteria take advantage of this weakness: They can settle more easily on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract that have already been infected by viruses and trigger what is known as a superinfection or secondary infection.
The "super" in this case is derived from Latin and means "on top". For example, the common cold turns into an otitis media or acute bronchitis. It is particularly easy for the bacteria when the first infection is carried on by the patient.
There are certain risk groups who are more likely to become superinfected than other people. These include especially older patients and those with a weakened immune system. In addition, the risk of secondary infection with the flu is significantly higher than with a cold.
How do bacteria settle?
The mucous membranes of the nose and bronchi are particularly at risk of superinfection. When infected with viruses, the uppermost mucous membrane cells with the so-called cilia, which normally transport pathogens back out of the body, are heavily stressed or even destroyed. This allows bacteria to colonize the second cell line directly and trigger inflammation. By the way: The pathogens do not always come from outside the body. They can also have been in the body for a long time, but have been blocked by the immune system. They only succeed in colonizing the mucous membranes through the virus infection and the weakening immune defense that goes with it.
What diseases are caused by a superinfection?
The following other diseases can result from superinfection:
- bronchitis
- lung infection
- Tonsillitis
- Otitis media
- pleurisy
Another reason not to drag off a cold: It can lead to inflammation of the heart muscle or the brain as well as the meninges – which is potentially fatal.
Symptoms: how can I recognize a superinfection?
The suspicion of a superinfection can really be confirmed by taking a smear from the doctor. Patients should look out for the following symptoms: which can speak for an infestation with bacteria:
- Greenish or yellowish discolored sputum when coughing (you can find out everything about coughing with sputum here)
- High fever that lasts for a long time
- Strong feeling of illness
It is also typical that the initial infection was almost over and coughs, runny nose and Co. had largely subsided before the symptoms flare up again and the fever sets in.
Treatment: what helps with a superinfection?
Antibiotics are primarily used against bacteria – this is why going to the doctor is so important in this case. Patients should also take care to take the medication exactly as directed by their doctor and not to stop taking it early, even if they may already feel better. This can lead to the remaining bacteria developing resistance to the antibiotic. Otherwise, the same rules apply as for a "normal" cold: home remedies for a cold, home remedies for coughs and home remedies for a sore throat can help to get rid of the symptoms.
How can I avoid bacterial superinfection?
Ultimately, a secondary infection can be prevented in the same way as a cold: A healthy lifestyle through a healthy diet, plenty of exercise and not smoking strengthens the immune system. In addition, frequent hand washing is mandatory, especially in the cold winter months. Regular ventilation also helps to get the pathogens in the air out of the apartment.